كتب result of pinaster invasion

P. pinaster is a successful نوع مجتاح in South Africa. One of the results of its invasion in South Africa is a decrease in the تنوع حيوي of the native environment. The increase of انقراض rates of the native species is correlated with the introduction of these species to South Africa. Invasive species occupy موطن of native species often forcing them to extinction or endangerment. For example, invasive species have the potential to decrease the diversity of native plants by 50-86% in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. As discussed above, P. pinaster is a tree species found in shrubland in South Africa. When compared to other بيئة (فيزياء حيوية), shrublands have the largest decline of species richness when invaded by an invasive species (Z=-1.33, p<0.001). Compared to شبيه الأعشاب; trees, annual عشب, and creepers have a larger effect on decline of ثراء الأنواع (Z=-3.78; p<0.001). Lastly, compared to other countries, South Africa had the largest species richness decline when faced with invasive species. South Africa is not home to many insects and diseases that limit the population of P. pinaster back in its native موطن. Not only is there evidence that alien plant invasions decrease biodiversity, but there is also evidence that the location of P. pinaster increases its negative effect on the species richness.

In addition, depending on the regions P.pinaster invades, P. pinaster has the potential to dramatically alter the quantity of water in the environment. If P. pinaster invades an area covered with grasses and shrubs, the water level of the streams in this area would lower significantly because P. pinaster are دائم الخضرة that take up considerably more water than grasses and shrubs all year around. They deplete جريان المياه السطحية in مستجمع مائي and water flow in rivers. This depletes the resources available for other species in the environment. P. pinaster tends to grow rapidly in منطقة مشاطئة, which are areas with abundant water where trees and plants grow twice as fast and invade. P. pinaster takes advantage of the water available and consequently reduces the amount of water in the area available for other species. The fynbos catchments on the كيب الغربية of South Africa are a habitat negatively affected by P. pinaster. Twenty-three years after planting the pines, there was a 55% decrease in streamflow in this area. Similarly, in كوازولو ناتال there was an 82% reduction in streamflow 20 years after introducing P. pinaster to the area. In the مبومالانجا, 6 streams completely dried up 12 years after أرض عشبية were replaced with pines. To reinforce that, there is a negative effect from the invasive species P. pinaster, these areas of dense P. pinaster were thinned and the number of trees in the area decreased. As a result, the streamflow in the fynbos catchments of the Western Cape increased by 44%. The streamflow in the Mpumalanga Province increased by 120%. As a result of P. pinaster growth, there is often less understory vegetation for livestock grazing. Once again there was a positive effect when some of the pines were removed and agreeable range grasses were planted. The grazing conditions for the sheep of the area were greatly improved when the P. pinaster plantation was thinned to 300 trees ha-1. The invasion of P. pinaster leads to the decrease of أشجار الطبقة السفلى vegetation and therefore a decrease in ماشية.