كتاب ريتشارد الثاني

المؤلف كتاب ريتشارد الثاني والمؤلف لـ 34 كتب أخرى.
وليَم شكسبير شاعر (يصنف كأعظم كاتب في اللغة الإنجليزية) و كاتب مسرحى (يعتبر كاتب مسرحي بارز) إنجليزي , دائماً يسمي بــ"شاعر الوطنية" و "شاعر افون الملحمي" اعماله موجودة وهى تتكون من 38 مسرحية و 158 سونيته و اثنين من القصص الشعرية و بعض القصائد الشعرية ,وقد ترجمت مسرحياته إلى كل اللغات الحية و اعماله وتم تأديتها اكثر بكثير من مولفات اى كاتب مسرحى اخر.
ولد شكسبير و تربي في سترادفورد آبون آفون وفى سن الثامنة عشر تزوج من ان هاتاواى و رزق بثلاثة اطفال:هم سوزانا و جوديث و هامنت وبين عامين ١٥٨٥-١٥٩٢ بدأ يعمل في لندن كممثل و كاتب ناجح في شركة تمثيل تدعى رجال لورد تشامبرلين و عرفت فيما بعد بأسم رجال الملك و يبدو انه تقاعد إلى سترادفورد في عام ١٦١٣ عندما كان يبلغ من العمر ٤٩ حيث توفى بعدها بثلاثة سنوات , وعدد قليل من سجلات حياة شكسبير الخاصة على قيد الحياة وكانت هناك تكهنات كبيرة حول مظهره الجسدى و الجنسي و المعتقدات الدينية و عما اذا كانت الاعمال المنسوبة اليه مكتوبة من قبل الاخرين انتج شكسبير معظم اعماله المعروفة بين ١٥٨٩ و ١٦١٣ حيث كانت مسرحياته الاولى بشكل عام كوميدية و تاريخية و قد تميزت بالتعقيد و الحبكة الفنية بحلول نهاية القرن ١٦ كتب التراجيديات بما في ذلك الملك لير و هاملت و عطيل و مكبث وقد اعتبرها البعض من أفضل الاعمال باللغة الانجليزية وفى اوخر حياته قيل انه كتب الكوميديا التراجيدية و المعرفة ايضاً بأسم الرومانسيات وتعاون مع كتاب مسرحيون اخرون.
نشرت العديد من مسرحياته في طبعات مختلفة الجودة والدقة خلال حياته في عام (١٦٢٣) نشرت فيرست فوليو طبعة تم جمعها لاعماله الدرامية عدا اثنين عرفا فيما بعد بـانهما لشكسبير.
كان شكسبير شاعر و كاتب مسرحيا محترم في ايامه ولكن لم سمعته لم ترتفع إلى ارتفاعها الحالى حتى القرن التاسع عشر و الرمانسيون على وجه الخصوص والمشهود لهم عبقرية شكسبير و اعتمد عمله مراراً واعيد اكتشافها من قبل الحركات الجديدة في التدريس و الاداء و لا تزال مسرحياته تتمتع بشعبية كبيرة حتى اليوم و تتم بشكل مستمر دراستها و تنفيذها و اعادة تفسيرها في مختلف السياقات الثقافية و السياسية المختلفة في جميع انحاء العالم.
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.
He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "The Bard").
His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems.
His plays have been translated into every major living language, and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon.
Scholars believe that he died on his fifty-second birthday, coinciding with St George’s Day.
It is an interesting idea that English writer is so closely identified with the Patron Saint of England! At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, who bore him three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.
Between 1585 and 1592 he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of the playing company the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men.
He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years later.
Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1590 and 1613.
His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century.
Next he wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest examples in the English language.
In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime, and in 1623, two of his former theatrical colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's.
Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the nineteenth century.
The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians hero-worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry".
In the twentieth century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance.
His plays remain highly popular today and are consistently performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.
According to historians, Shakespeare write 37 plays and 154 sonnets throughout the span of his life.
Shakespeare's writing average was 1.5 plays a year since he first started writing in 1589.
There have been plays and sonnets attributed to Shakespeare that were not authentically written by the great master of language and literature.